Application Programming Interface (API)

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百度我们春季班的课程已经开始了。

Application Programming Interface (API) ??? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?, ??? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????^[1]? API-? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ? API ?????????????????? (API specification)? ??????????? ?????????, ??? ??????????????? ? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?, ?? ??? ???????????? ? ??? ??????????? ? API? API ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???, ??? ??? API-? ????????? ?, ?? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ??????? ? ??? ????????? ????????????????????:

? ????????????? ????????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????, ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???: ??? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???? (????????? ???????????) ??????, ???????????? ????????????? ????????????, ?? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ???: API-? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???????????????, ????? ???????? ?? ?????????????: ??????? ??? ????????????, ??? ??????????? ? ??? ??????? ????, ??????? ? ? API-? ??? ???????: API-? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????????, ????????, ?????????? ??? ???????????: API-? ??????????? ????????? ? ??? ??????, ???? ????????? ?, ?? ??? ????????? ?, ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????:

API-???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?, ? ????????? ????? ??? ??????, ????? ????????????? ??????? ??, ?????????? ????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? API-? ????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ????? ? ????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????? ? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????

??? API-??? ???????????? ?????????, ????????? ????????????, ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? API-???? ????? ?? 1940-?????????, ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? 1960-??????? ? 1970-???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ? ??? API-?????^[2], ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????????? ????, ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? API-???? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????????????? (microservices) ????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? API-???? ???????^[3]?

API-???? ???? ? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????????^[4]?

??????????? ??????? URL-? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????????????? API-? URL-???: ??????, ????????? ????? ? ????????? URL-? ??? ????? ???, ?????? ??????? api.example.com/v1/resource ??? api.example.com/v2/resource?
????????? ????????? ???????????????. ??? ???????????????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???????????? ? ???? ???????????????? ??????

??? ??????????????????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? API-? ??? ??????????

??????

??????? ?????????? API-? ?????????? ? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????????: ??????, ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????/???? API-? ????? ? ????????? ????????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????, ????? ????????? ?? ???????^[5]?

??????? ???????????

API ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? (application programs): ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ?Application Programming Interface? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????^[7]?

1940-??????? ? 1950-???????

API-? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?, ??? ???? ???????: ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? 1940-????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? EDSAC-?? ??? ?????????? ?????: ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???, ??? ???????????? ? ???? ??????????? ??????????: ??? ?????????? ? ??? ???, ??? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????, ????????? ???? ??????? ? API (??? API ?????????? ??? API ??????????), ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????????, ?? ?????? ?????????? (??? ????????) ????????????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ? ?????????????^[8]?

??????? ? ??????? 1951 ??????? ?The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????????? API ???????????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?, ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? API-?, ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ?^[9]?

1960-??????? ? 1970-???????

?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? (???????????? ???? ???????? ??????) ?????? ????? ??????????? ? 1968 ???????? AFIPS ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???^[11]^[12]? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????? (??? ??????? ?????????? ??????) ???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???: ?????????? ????????? ???????? (??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????) ?????????? ? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????, ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????^[13]?

??????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????^[14] 1974 ???????? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????????. ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????^[15]? API-? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ANSI/SPARC ???????? ?? ????: ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????????, ???????? ? ??????? ????????: ????????? ?????? ???????????? 1970-????????? ?????? ??, ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????. ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ????? ????????????^[16]?

??? ?????????? ????????? ? ??? API-???? ?????????, ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????????

1990-???????

1990 ???????? ???????? ????????? API-? ???????? ? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????????^[17]?

API-? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ? ??? API-???? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? 1970-????????? ? 1980-?????????, ??????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????, ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????????, ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? Java ????? ??????? 1990-?????????, ????????? ???????? ???, ???????????, ???????? ?? CORBA, COM ? DCOM, ?????? ???? ???????? API ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????^[18]?

2000-???????

??? ???????? 2000 ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ????????????????????? ?????????? UC Irvine-???, ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? (REST) ? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? API-?????^[19]? XML ? JSON Web API-???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? 2000 ???????? ? ???????????? ? 2022 ????????? ????????, Web API-? ???? API ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?^[2]?

??? ???????-??? ?????? 2001 ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? API-????, ????? ????????? ?? API-? ????? ???, ??????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????^[20]? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????? ????????, ??? ??????, ?????? API-? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? API-??? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????, API-? ?????? ? ???? ?????????????, ??? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????????????^[18] ??? ???? ??????????????, API ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????

???????????

??????????? ? ??????????

????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? API-? ?? ????? ?? API-? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? (???????? ??????????????????), ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??

??? API ????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????????? (??? ???? ???? ????????, ??????? ????????) ?????? ???????????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????????

API-? ? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ? ????? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????, ???? ?? Scala-? ? Java-? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????, Scala-? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? Java API-??^[21]?

API-? ???????????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????, Lua-? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? API-? ????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????, ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??????? Java-? ???? ??????-??????????? ????? API-? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ??????????????^[22]^[23]? ??????? ?????? ????? ?, ?? ?API-? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????????, ?? ?????????, ?? ??? ?? ????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???-?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????^[24]? ??????, ?? ???? ????????????????????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? API ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? API-? ???? ???? ? ????????????^[25]?

??? ????? ?????????????????????? ?? ??????????????????? ????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????

SWIG ? F2PY (Fortran-?? Python-? ???????? ???????) ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????????^[26]?

API-? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???, ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? API-???, ???? API-? ????????? ????????????? ??????, ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????

? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????^[27]^[28]?

????????? ??????????

API-? ????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ????????^[29]? POSIX-?, ??????, ?????????? ? API-? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????, ????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ??? POSIX ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? POSIX ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????:

???????? ? Berkeley Software Distribution-? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??, ????? ???????????? ?? POSIX API-????^[30]?

??????????? ??? ??????????????? ? ?????????? ????????-?????????? API-??, ???????? ?? Windows API (Win32) ???????????, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ??????? Windows-? ??? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ? ????????????????? ??????^[31]?

API-? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????? (ABI) ??????, ?? API-? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ???, ??????? ABI-?? ?????????: ??????, POSIX-? ?????????? ? API-???, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ABI^[32]^[33]?

??????? API-???

??????? API-???? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????, Java Database Connectivity API-? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????, ??????? Java remote method invocation API-? ??????????? ? Java Remote Method Protocol-?? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????, ?????, ??????, ??????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ??????^[34]^[35]

????????, ??????? API-???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????. ?????? ?????, ??? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??????? ? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ? ??????? ? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????:

?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????^[36]?

??? API-???

??? API-???? ???????????? ??, ??? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? (??????? ??????????, ????????? ????????????? ? ????) ???? ??? ?????? ? ???????????? Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? HTTP ??????? ???? ? ???????? ??????????????????, ?????????, JavaScript Object Notation ( JSON ) ??? Extensible Markup Language ( XML) ????????: ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??? API-???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????:

?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? API-???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????: ??? ????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????^[37]? ??????? Twitter-? REST API-? ???????????????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? Twitter-? ???????? ????????, ??? Search API-? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? Twitter-? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???^[38]?

?????????

API-? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???^[39]? ????????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????, ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????????^[40]? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????????????^[41]? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????, API-? ??????????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????????, ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????????????????, ????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????? ????????????????^[42]? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ? API-???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????^[43]? ????????, API-? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ?^[39]?

????????????? ?????? ???????????????

?????????? ???????????? ?????????? (API) ????? ? ????? ????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????????? API ????? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ?, ????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?, ???? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???????^[44]? ??? ???????, ??? ??????????????? API ???? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????????????, ???? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???????, ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?, ??? ????????? ??????? ??

????????? ????

API-???? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??: API-??? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????^[45]?

API-? ????????? ???????? ????? ??^[46]?

????????? API-? ?????????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????:
?????????? API-? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????: ??????, ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????? ?? Uber-? ? Lyft-?, ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????: ?? ????? ? ????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????? ???????, ?? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? API ? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????^[47]^[48]?
????????. API-? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????: ??????, ??????????? ??????????? ? Windows API-?, ??? ???? ????????? ? ?? API Cocoa-?, ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????: ?? ????? ???????? API-???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????: ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????, ???????? ?? Cloudflare-? ??? Voxility-?, ??????????? ?? RESTful API-???? ????? ????? ????????????? ? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????, DDoS ????????????????, ????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????????^[49]? ???? API-???? ???????????????? ?????? ? ???? ?API-? ??????????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????^[50]?

???????? API-? ???????????

???????? API-? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????????????? API-?? ??????????????? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ? ?????? ???????????????????? ??? ???????????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ??? API-??^[51]?

??? ??????????????? ??????????? API-? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?, ????????, ?????? ???, ??????? API-? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????: ??????, ????? Guava ??????????? ??? ??????, ????? ????????? ?? ????????, ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? Java-??@Beta?????????????????^[52]?

???????? API-? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????: ?? ????????? ????????? ?, ?? API-? ?? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????: ????????, ??? ???????????????? ???????????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? API-? ??? ???????, ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????^[53]?

2020 ??????? ???????? 19-?? Akamai-? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ????????????????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? API ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????? 2017 ??????? ??????????? ????? 2019 ??????? ???????? Akamai-? ?????????? ? 85.42 ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? 20%-?, ??? 16.55 ???????, ??????? ?? ???? API ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? 473.5 ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????^[54]?

??????????

API ???????????????? ?????????? ? API-? ????????? ???????????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????, ??? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????????:

???????????????? ??? ?????? ? API-?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????^[55]? API ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ?? ????????, ?????????? ? ???? ?? ????????? ???????^[56]?

????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????, ???????? ?? Javadoc ??? Pydoc, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ??????????: ??????????????, ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?? API-?????^[57]?

??????? ?????????????? ?????, API ???????????????? ????? ? ??????? API-??? ????????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ???? ????????, ??????? ????????????????????, ???????????? ???????????? ? ????????????, ?????? API ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??:

REST API-? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? OpenAPI ??????????, ??? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????, ??? ??????????? ? OpenAPI ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????: OpenAPI ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????????????, ???????? ?? API-? ?????? ? ???????????????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????????????, ????? API-? ?????????? ?^[58]?

API-? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????, ???????? ?? Java ???????????????????: ??? ????????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????????????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????^[59]?

API-???? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???

2010 ???????? Oracle Corporation-? ???? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????^[60]? ?????? Java API-? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????????????? ? ????? ???????? OpenJDK ????????: ?????? ????? ? Oracle-?? ????? API-? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????: ?????? ?????????????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ?????????? Oracle-? ????:

Oracle-? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ???, ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????, ??? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????, ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????^[61]^[62]?

???????? ????????? ? 2014 ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???, ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? API-???? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ?, ????? ? ????????^[63]^[64]?

2016 ????????, ????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ????, ???????????? ?????? ??, ?? ?????? Java API-? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ?, ???? Oracle Corporation ?????????? ? ????????^[65]? Oracle Corporation-? ?????? ? ? Circuit-?Appeals Court-? ?????? ?, ?? ?????? API-???? ???????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????^[66]? 2019 ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ???-? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???, ? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ?????? COVID-19 ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? 2020 ??????? ?????????^[67]?

????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? 6-2 ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ????,?? ? ??????????? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????, ?????? ?, ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?????^[68]^[69]?

??? ???

??????????????????

↑ Reddy, Martin (2011). API Design for C++. Elsevier Science. ?? 1. ISBN 9780123850041. ?????????? ?????????? 2023 ?? ?????? 15-??. ??????? ? 2023 ?? ????? 21-??.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Lane, Kin (2019 ?? ?????????? 10). ?Intro to APIs: History of APIs?. Postman (????????? ????????). ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ?????????? 11-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 18-??. ?When you hear the acronym "API" or its expanded version "Application Programming Interface", it is almost always in reference to our modern approach, in that we use HTTP to provide access to machine readable data in a JSON or XML format, often simply referred to as "Web APIs". APIs have been around almost as long as computing, but modern Web APIs began taking shape in the early 2000s.?
↑ Wood, Laura (2021 ?? ???????? 25). ?Global Cloud Microservices Market (2021 to 2026)?. businesswire.com (????????? ????????). ?????????? ?????????? 2022 ?? ?????? 8-??. ??????? ? 2022 ?? ????? 29-??.
↑ Designing Web APIs Building APIs That Developers Love. O'Reilly Media. 2018. ISBN 9781492026877.
↑ Clarke, Steven (2004). ?Measuring API Usability?. Dr. Dobb's. ?????????? ?????????? 2022 ?? ????? 3-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.
↑ Database architectures – a feasibility workshop (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. 1981 ?? ?????. ???? 45–47. hdl:2027/mdp.39015077587742. LCCN 81600004. NBS special publication 500-76. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 18-??.
↑ A Brief, Opinionated History of the API (Speech). QCon. San Francisco: InfoQ. August 8, 2018. ?????????? ?????????? September 22, 2020-??. ??????? ? September 18, 2020-??.
↑ (Speech). QCon. San Francisco. August 8, 2018. {{cite speech}}: |access-date= requires |url= (??????????); Missing or empty |title= (??????????)
↑ Bloch, Joshua (August 8, 2018). (Speech). QCon. San Francisco. {{cite speech}}: |access-date= requires |url= (??????????); Missing or empty |title= (??????????)
↑ Cotton, Ira W.; Greatorex, Frank S. (1968 ?? ?????????). ?Data structures and techniques for remote computer graphics?. AFIPS '68: Proceedings of the December 9–11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Vol. I. San Francisco, California: Association for Computing Machinery. ???? 533–544. doi:10.1145/1476589.1476661. ISBN 978-1450378994. OCLC 1175621908. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ?????????? 20-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 19-??.
↑ ?application program interface?. ???????? ???????? ??????? (3-?? ??????????????? ed.). ???????? ??????????? ????????????????. ?????????, 2015.
↑ Bloch, Joshua (August 8, 2018). (Speech). QCon. San Francisco. {{cite speech}}: |access-date= requires |url= (??????????); Missing or empty |title= (??????????)
↑ Cotton, Ira W.; Greatorex, Frank S. (1968 ?? ?????????). Data structures and techniques for remote computer graphics. AFIPS 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Vol. I. San Francisco, California: Association for Computing Machinery. ???? 533–544. doi:10.1145/1476589.1476661. ISBN 978-1450378994. OCLC 1175621908. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2020 ?? ?????????? 20-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 19-??.
↑ Date, C. J. (2019). E. F. Codd and Relational Theory: A Detailed Review and Analysis of Codd's Major Database Writings. Lulu.com. ?? 135. ISBN 978-1684705276.
↑ Date, C. J.; Codd, E. F. (1975 ?? ???????). The relational and network approaches: Comparison of the application programming interfaces. SIGMOD Workshop 1974. Vol. 2. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Association for Computing Machinery. ???? 83–113. doi:10.1145/800297.811532. ISBN 978-1450374187. OCLC 1175623233.
↑ Database architectures – a feasibility workshop (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. 1981 ?? ?????. ???? 45–47. LCCN 81600004. NBS special publication 500-76. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 18-??.
↑ Carl, Malamud (1990). Analyzing Novell Networks. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ?? 294. ISBN 978-0442003647. ?????????? ?????????? 2021 ?? ???????? 26-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 19-??.
↑ ^18,0 ^18,1 Jin, Brenda; Sahni, Saurabh; Shevat, Amir (2018). Designing Web APIs. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781492026877. ?????????? ?????????? 2023 ?? ?????? 10-??. ??????? ? 2023 ?? ????? 21-??.
↑ Fielding, Roy (2000). Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (PhD). University of California, Irvine. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ???????? 22-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 18-??.
↑ Dotsika, Fefie (2010 ?? ???????). ?Semantic APIs: Scaling up towards the Semantic Web?. International Journal of Information Management. 30 (4): 335–342. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2009.12.003.
↑ Odersky, Martin; Spoon, Lex; Venners, Bill (2008 ?? ?????????? 10). ?Combining Scala and Java?. artima.com. ?????????? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 8-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.
↑ de Figueiredo, Luiz Henrique; Ierusalimschy, Roberto; Filho, Waldemar Celes (1994). ?The design and implementation of a language for extending applications?. TeCGraf Grupo de Tecnologia Em Computacao Grafica: 273–284. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.47.5194. S2CID 59833827. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.
↑ Sintes, Tony (2001 ?? ??????? 13). ?Just what is the Java API anyway??. JavaWorld. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ?????????? 19-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ??????? 18-??.
↑ Winters, Titus; Tom Manshreck; Hyrum Wright, eds. (2020). Software engineering at Google: lessons learned from programming over time. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781492082798. OCLC 1144086840.
↑ Mastrangelo, Luis; Ponzanelli, Luca; Mocci, Andrea; Lanza, Michele; Hauswirth, Matthias; Nystrom, Nathaniel (2015 ?? ?????????? 23). ?Use at your own risk: the Java unsafe API in the wild?. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications. OOPSLA 2015. New York, New York, U.S.: Association for Computing Machinery. ???? 695–710. doi:10.1145/2814270.2814313. ISBN 978-1-4503-3689-5.
↑ ?F2PY.org?. F2PY.org. ?????????? ?????????? 2011 ?? ??????? 4-??. ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????????? 18-??.
↑ Fowler, Martin. ?Inversion Of Control?. ?????????? ?????????? 2011 ?? ???????? 23-??. ??????? ? 2011 ?? ???????? 25-??.
↑ Fayad, Mohamed. ?Object-Oriented Application Frameworks?. ?????????? ?????????? 2013 ?? ????????? 5-??. ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????????? 5-??.
↑ Lewine, Donald A. (1991). POSIX Programmer's Guide. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ?? 1. ISBN 9780937175736. ?????????? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 22-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 2-??.
↑ West, Joel; Dedrick, Jason (2001). ?Open source standardization: the rise of Linux in the network era? (PDF). Knowledge, Technology & Policy. 14 (2): 88–112. doi:10.1007/PL00022278. S2CID 46082812. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 27-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 2-??.
↑ Microsoft (2001 ?? ?????????). ?Support for Windows XP?. Microsoft. ?? 4. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ?????????? 26-??.
↑ ?LSB Introduction?. Linux Foundation. 2012 ?? ??????? 21. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ?????? 2-??. ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????? 27-??.
↑ Stoughton, Nick (2005 ?? ?????). ?Update on Standards? (PDF). USENIX. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2009 ?? ????? 27-??. ??????? ? 2009 ?? ??????? 4-??.
↑ Bierhoff, Kevin (2009 ?? ?????? 23). API Protocol Compliance in Object-Oriented Software (PDF) (PhD). Carnegie Mellon University. ISBN 978-1-109-31660-5. ProQuest 304864018. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2016 ?? ?????????? 11-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.
↑ Wilson, M. Jeff (2000 ?? ????????? 10). ?Get smart with proxies and RMI?. JavaWorld. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ??????? 20-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ??????? 18-??.
↑ Henning, Michi; Vinoski, Steve (1999). Advanced CORBA Programming with C++. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0201379273. ??????? ? 2015 ?? ??????? 16-??.
↑ Parr, Ben (2009 ?? ?????? 21). ?The Evolution of the Social Media API?. Mashable. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 11-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 26-??.
↑ ?GET trends/place?. Twitter Developer Platform (????????). ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ??????? 17-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????? 30-??.
↑ ^39,0 ^39,1 Clarke, Steven (2004). ?Measuring API Usability?. Dr. Dobb's. ?????????? ?????????? 2022 ?? ????? 3-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.
↑ Garlan, David; Shaw, Mary (1994 ?? ???????). ?An Introduction to Software Architecture? (PDF). Advances in Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering. 1. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2021 ?? ?????? 6-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 8-?? – via CMU School of Computer Science.
↑ Parnas, D.L. (1972). ?On the Criteria To Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules?. Communications of the ACM. 15 (12): 1053–1058. doi:10.1145/361598.361623. S2CID 53856438.
↑ Myers, Brad A.; Stylos, Jeffrey (2016). ?Improving API usability?. Communications of the ACM. 59 (6): 62–69. doi:10.1145/2896587. S2CID 543853.
↑ Brian Ellis, Jeffrey Stylos, and Brad Myers. 2007. "The Factory Pattern in API Design: A Usability Evaluation ?????????? 2025-08-07 Wayback Machine". In Proceedings of the 29th international conference on Software Engineering (ICSE '07). IEEE Computer Society, USA, 302–312. doi:10.1109/ICSE.2007.85.
↑ "Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Writes - Packaged Contact Center Enterprise" - Cisco DevNet ?????????? 2025-08-07 Wayback Machine.
↑ de Ternay, Guerric (2015 ?? ?????????? 10). ?Business Ecosystem: Creating an Economic Moat?. BoostCompanies. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ?????????? 17-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 1-??.
↑ Boyd, Mark (2014 ?? ???????? 21). ?Private, Partner or Public: Which API Strategy Is Best for Business??. ProgrammableWeb. ?????????? ?????????? 2016 ?? ??????? 18-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 2-??.
↑ Weissbrot, Alison (2016 ?? ??????? 7). ?Car Service APIs Are Everywhere, But What's In It For Partner Apps??. AdExchanger. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ??????? 28-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ???????? 14-??.
↑ Weissbrot, Alison (2016 ?? ??????? 7). ?Car Service APIs Are Everywhere, But What's In It For Partner Apps??. AdExchanger. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ??????? 28-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ???????? 14-??.
↑ ?Cloudflare API v4 Documentation?. cloudflare. 2020 ?? ???????? 25. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ???????? 26-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ???????? 27-??.
↑ Liew, Zell (2018 ?? ???????? 17). ?Car Service APIs Are Everywhere, But What's In It For Partner Apps?. Smashing Magazine. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ???????? 21-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ???????? 27-??.
↑ Shi, Lin; Zhong, Hao; Xie, Tao; Li, Mingshu (2011). ?An Empirical Study on Evolution of API Documentation?. Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering. International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6603. ???? 416–431. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19811-3_29. ISBN 978-3-642-19810-6. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 22-??.
↑ ?guava-libraries – Guava: Google Core Libraries for Java 1.6+?. Google Project Hosting. 2014 ?? ???????? 4. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2014 ?? ????? 26-??. ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 11-??.
↑ Oracle. ?How and When to Deprecate APIs?. Java SE Documentation. ?????????? ?????????? 2016 ?? ?????? 9-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 2-??.
↑ Takanashi, Dean (2020 ?? ???????? 19). ?Akamai: Cybercriminals are attacking APIs at financial services firms?. Venture Beat. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ???????? 27-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ???????? 27-??.
↑ Dekel, Uri; Herbsleb, James D. (2009 ?? ?????). ?Improving API Documentation Usability with Knowledge Pushing?. Institute for Software Research, School of Computer Science. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.446.4214.
↑ Parnin, Chris; Treude, Cristoph (2011 ?? ?????). ?Measuring API documentation on the web?. Web2SE '11: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web 2.0 for Software Engineering. ???? 25–30. doi:10.1145/1984701.1984706. ISBN 9781450305952. S2CID 17751901.
↑ Maalej, Waleed; Robillard, Martin P. (2012 ?? ?????). ?Patterns of Knowledge in API Reference Documentation? (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 22-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 22-??.
↑ ?Structure of an OpenAPI Document?. OpenAPI Documentation (????????? ????????). ?????????? ? ?????????? 2022 ?? ????????? 6-??. ??????? ? 2022 ?? ????????? 6-??.
↑ ?Annotations?. Sun Microsystems. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2011 ?? ?????????? 25-??. ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????????? 30-??..
↑ ?Oracle and the End of Programming As We Know It?. DrDobbs. 2012 ?? ?????? 1. ?????????? ?????????? 2012 ?? ?????? 9-??. ??????? ? 2012 ?? ?????? 9-??.
↑ ?APIs Can't be Copyrighted Says Judge in Oracle Case?. TGDaily. 2012 ?? ??????? 1. ?????????? ?????????? 2012 ?? ?????????? 21-??. ??????? ? 2012 ?? ?????????? 6-??.
↑ ?Oracle America, Inc. vs. Google Inc.? (PDF). Wired. 2012 ?? ?????? 31. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2013 ?? ????????? 4-??. ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????????? 22-??.
↑ ?Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google Inc., No. 13-1021, Fed. Cir. 2014?. ?????????? ?????????? 2014 ?? ?????????? 10-??.
↑ Rosenblatt, Seth (2014 ?? ?????? 9). ?Court sides with Oracle over Android in Java patent appeal?. CNET. ?????????? ?????????? 2017 ?? ?????? 19-??. ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 10-??.
↑ ?Google beats Oracle – Android makes "fair use" of Java APIs?. Ars Technica. 2016 ?? ?????? 26. ?????????? ?????????? 2017 ?? ???????? 20-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 28-??.
↑ Decker, Susan (2018 ?? ????? 27). ?Oracle Wins Revival of Billion-Dollar Case Against Google?. Bloomberg Businessweek. ?????????? ?????????? 2022 ?? ???????? 9-??. ??????? ? 2018 ?? ????? 27-??.
↑ vkimber (2020 ?? ?????????? 28). ?Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc?. LII / Legal Information Institute (????????). ?????????? ?????????? 2021 ?? ?????? 15-??. ??????? ? 2021 ?? ????? 6-??.
↑ ?Supreme Court of the United States, No. 18–956, GOOGLE LLC, PETITIONER v. ORACLE AMERICA, INC? (PDF). 2021 ?? ?????? 5. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2021 ?? ?????? 5-??. ??????? ? 2021 ?? ?????? 25-??.
↑ ?Supreme Court of the United States, No. 18–956, GOOGLE LLC, PETITIONER v. ORACLE AMERICA, INC? (PDF). 2021 ?? ?????? 5. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2021 ?? ?????? 5-??. ??????? ? 2021 ?? ?????? 25-??.

?????? ?????????

Taina Bucher (2013 ?? ????????? 16). ?Objects of Intense Feeling: The Case of the Twitter API?. Computational Culture (3). ISSN 2047-2390. Argues that "APIs are far from neutral tools" and form a key part of contemporary programming, understood as a fundamental part of culture.
What is an API? – in the U.S. Supreme Court opinion, ????? v. Oracle 2021, pp. 3–7 – "For each task, there is computer code; API (also known as Application Programming Interface) is the method for calling that 'computer code' (instruction – like a recipe – rather than cooking instruction, this is machine instruction) to be carry out"
Maury, Innovation and Change – Cory Ondrejka, February 28, 2014, " ...proposed a public API to let computers talk to each other". (Textise ?????????? 2025-08-07 Wayback Machine URL)

??????? ????????

Forrester : IT industry : API Case : Google v. Oracle – May 20, 2021 – content format: Audio with text – length 26:41
Geli?tiriciler ??in API Listesi – Feb 23, 2024

[1] Reddy, Martin (2011). API Design for C++. Elsevier Science. ?? 1. ISBN 9780123850041. ?????????? ?????????? 2023 ?? ?????? 15-??. ??????? ? 2023 ?? ????? 21-??.

[Lane2019-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Lane, Kin (2019 ?? ?????????? 10). ?Intro to APIs: History of APIs?. Postman (????????? ????????). ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ?????????? 11-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 18-??. ?When you hear the acronym "API" or its expanded version "Application Programming Interface", it is almost always in reference to our modern approach, in that we use HTTP to provide access to machine readable data in a JSON or XML format, often simply referred to as "Web APIs". APIs have been around almost as long as computing, but modern Web APIs began taking shape in the early 2000s.?

[3] Wood, Laura (2021 ?? ???????? 25). ?Global Cloud Microservices Market (2021 to 2026)?. businesswire.com (????????? ????????). ?????????? ?????????? 2022 ?? ?????? 8-??. ??????? ? 2022 ?? ????? 29-??.

[4] Designing Web APIs Building APIs That Developers Love. O'Reilly Media. 2018. ISBN 9781492026877.

[Clarke4-5] Clarke, Steven (2004). ?Measuring API Usability?. Dr. Dobb's. ?????????? ?????????? 2022 ?? ????? 3-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.

[NBS1981-6] Database architectures – a feasibility workshop (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. 1981 ?? ?????. ???? 45–47. hdl:2027/mdp.39015077587742. LCCN 81600004. NBS special publication 500-76. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 18-??.

[Bloch2018-7] A Brief, Opinionated History of the API (Speech). QCon. San Francisco: InfoQ. August 8, 2018. ?????????? ?????????? September 22, 2020-??. ??????? ? September 18, 2020-??.

[Bloch20182-8] (Speech). QCon. San Francisco. August 8, 2018. {{cite speech}}: |access-date= requires |url= (??????????); Missing or empty |title= (??????????)

[Bloch20184-9] Bloch, Joshua (August 8, 2018). (Speech). QCon. San Francisco. {{cite speech}}: |access-date= requires |url= (??????????); Missing or empty |title= (??????????)

[CottonGreatorex1968-10] Cotton, Ira W.; Greatorex, Frank S. (1968 ?? ?????????). ?Data structures and techniques for remote computer graphics?. AFIPS '68: Proceedings of the December 9–11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Vol. I. San Francisco, California: Association for Computing Machinery. ???? 533–544. doi:10.1145/1476589.1476661. ISBN 978-1450378994. OCLC 1175621908. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ?????????? 20-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 19-??.

[11] ?application program interface?. ???????? ???????? ??????? (3-?? ??????????????? ed.). ???????? ??????????? ????????????????. ?????????, 2015.

[Bloch20183-12] Bloch, Joshua (August 8, 2018). (Speech). QCon. San Francisco. {{cite speech}}: |access-date= requires |url= (??????????); Missing or empty |title= (??????????)

[CottonGreatorex19682-13] Cotton, Ira W.; Greatorex, Frank S. (1968 ?? ?????????). Data structures and techniques for remote computer graphics. AFIPS 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Vol. I. San Francisco, California: Association for Computing Machinery. ???? 533–544. doi:10.1145/1476589.1476661. ISBN 978-1450378994. OCLC 1175621908. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2020 ?? ?????????? 20-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 19-??.

[14] Date, C. J. (2019). E. F. Codd and Relational Theory: A Detailed Review and Analysis of Codd's Major Database Writings. Lulu.com. ?? 135. ISBN 978-1684705276.

[15] Date, C. J.; Codd, E. F. (1975 ?? ???????). The relational and network approaches: Comparison of the application programming interfaces. SIGMOD Workshop 1974. Vol. 2. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Association for Computing Machinery. ???? 83–113. doi:10.1145/800297.811532. ISBN 978-1450374187. OCLC 1175623233.

[NBS19812-16] Database architectures – a feasibility workshop (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. 1981 ?? ?????. ???? 45–47. LCCN 81600004. NBS special publication 500-76. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 18-??.

[17] Carl, Malamud (1990). Analyzing Novell Networks. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ?? 294. ISBN 978-0442003647. ?????????? ?????????? 2021 ?? ???????? 26-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 19-??.

[JinSahniShevat2018-18] 18,0 ^18,1 Jin, Brenda; Sahni, Saurabh; Shevat, Amir (2018). Designing Web APIs. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781492026877. ?????????? ?????????? 2023 ?? ?????? 10-??. ??????? ? 2023 ?? ????? 21-??.

[19] Fielding, Roy (2000). Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (PhD). University of California, Irvine. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ???????? 22-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????????? 18-??.

[20] Dotsika, Fefie (2010 ?? ???????). ?Semantic APIs: Scaling up towards the Semantic Web?. International Journal of Information Management. 30 (4): 335–342. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2009.12.003.

[OderskySpoonVenners8-21] Odersky, Martin; Spoon, Lex; Venners, Bill (2008 ?? ?????????? 10). ?Combining Scala and Java?. artima.com. ?????????? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 8-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.

[22] Figueiredo, Luiz Henrique; Ierusalimschy, Roberto; Filho, Waldemar Celes (1994). ?The design and implementation of a language for extending applications?. TeCGraf Grupo de Tecnologia Em Computacao Grafica: 273–284. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.47.5194. S2CID 59833827. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.

[Sintes16-23] Sintes, Tony (2001 ?? ??????? 13). ?Just what is the Java API anyway??. JavaWorld. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ?????????? 19-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ??????? 18-??.

[24] Winters, Titus; Tom Manshreck; Hyrum Wright, eds. (2020). Software engineering at Google: lessons learned from programming over time. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781492082798. OCLC 1144086840.

[25] Mastrangelo, Luis; Ponzanelli, Luca; Mocci, Andrea; Lanza, Michele; Hauswirth, Matthias; Nystrom, Nathaniel (2015 ?? ?????????? 23). ?Use at your own risk: the Java unsafe API in the wild?. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications. OOPSLA 2015. New York, New York, U.S.: Association for Computing Machinery. ???? 695–710. doi:10.1145/2814270.2814313. ISBN 978-1-4503-3689-5.

[26] ?F2PY.org?. F2PY.org. ?????????? ?????????? 2011 ?? ??????? 4-??. ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????????? 18-??.

[27] Fowler, Martin. ?Inversion Of Control?. ?????????? ?????????? 2011 ?? ???????? 23-??. ??????? ? 2011 ?? ???????? 25-??.

[28] Fayad, Mohamed. ?Object-Oriented Application Frameworks?. ?????????? ?????????? 2013 ?? ????????? 5-??. ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????????? 5-??.

[Oreilly912-29] Lewine, Donald A. (1991). POSIX Programmer's Guide. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ?? 1. ISBN 9780937175736. ?????????? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 22-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 2-??.

[WestDedrick162-30] West, Joel; Dedrick, Jason (2001). ?Open source standardization: the rise of Linux in the network era? (PDF). Knowledge, Technology & Policy. 14 (2): 88–112. doi:10.1007/PL00022278. S2CID 46082812. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 27-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 2-??.

[31] Microsoft (2001 ?? ?????????). ?Support for Windows XP?. Microsoft. ?? 4. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ?????????? 26-??.

[32] ?LSB Introduction?. Linux Foundation. 2012 ?? ??????? 21. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ?????? 2-??. ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????? 27-??.

[33] Stoughton, Nick (2005 ?? ?????). ?Update on Standards? (PDF). USENIX. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2009 ?? ????? 27-??. ??????? ? 2009 ?? ??????? 4-??.

[Bierhoff9-34] Bierhoff, Kevin (2009 ?? ?????? 23). API Protocol Compliance in Object-Oriented Software (PDF) (PhD). Carnegie Mellon University. ISBN 978-1-109-31660-5. ProQuest 304864018. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2016 ?? ?????????? 11-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.

[Wilson16-35] Wilson, M. Jeff (2000 ?? ????????? 10). ?Get smart with proxies and RMI?. JavaWorld. ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ??????? 20-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ??????? 18-??.

[AdvancedCorba2-36] Henning, Michi; Vinoski, Steve (1999). Advanced CORBA Programming with C++. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0201379273. ??????? ? 2015 ?? ??????? 16-??.

[Parr162-37] Parr, Ben (2009 ?? ?????? 21). ?The Evolution of the Social Media API?. Mashable. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 11-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 26-??.

[38] ?GET trends/place?. Twitter Developer Platform (????????). ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ??????? 17-??. ??????? ? 2020 ?? ?????? 30-??.

[Clarke42-39] 39,0 ^39,1 Clarke, Steven (2004). ?Measuring API Usability?. Dr. Dobb's. ?????????? ?????????? 2022 ?? ????? 3-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 29-??.

[GarlanShaw942-40] Garlan, David; Shaw, Mary (1994 ?? ???????). ?An Introduction to Software Architecture? (PDF). Advances in Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering. 1. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2021 ?? ?????? 6-??. ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 8-?? – via CMU School of Computer Science.

[Parnas722-41] Parnas, D.L. (1972). ?On the Criteria To Be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules?. Communications of the ACM. 15 (12): 1053–1058. doi:10.1145/361598.361623. S2CID 53856438.

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